1. Arendt, Hannah. Origins of Totalitarianism. New ed. with added prefaces. New York, N.Y: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. Print. Pg. 403. [return to text]

2. Roy, Arundhati. Azadi: Fascism, Fiction, and Freedom in the Time of the Virus. Paperback edition. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books, 2022. Print.

3. Khan, Robina, Muhammad Zubair Khan, and Zafar Abbas. “Moving Towards Human Catastrophe: The Abrogation of Article 370 in Kashmir Valley.” Journal of Muslim minority affairs 41.1 (2021): 78–85. Web

4. Mushtaq, Samreen, and Mudasir Amin. “‘We Will Memorise Our Home’: Exploring Settler Colonialism as an Interpretive Framework for Kashmir.” Third world quarterly 42.12 (2021): 3012–3029. Web.; Hameed, Qazi Shibli and Sajad. Echoes of Destruction: An Eviction Drive to Retrieve Kashmir’s State Land – the Polis Project. Available at: www.thepolisproject.com/read/echoes-of-destruction-an-eviction-drive-to-retrieve-kashmirs-state-land.

5 Sharma, Ashutosh. “The Great Land Grab in Jammu and Kashmir.” Frontline, 24 Jan. 2023, available at: frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/the-great-land-grab-new-laws-in-jammu-and-kashmir-dispossess-native-farmers-of-land-property-rights/article66342728.ece.

6. Their horticulturist activities are deemed as ‘encroachment of state land’ and in 2020 Indian state cut down 10,000 apple trees belonging to these communities – devastating their livelihood; Al Jazeera, “Kashmiris Outraged as Authorities Fell Thousands of Apple Trees.”  14 Dec. 2020, available at: www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/12/14/indian-authorities-axe-thousands-of-apple-trees-in-kashmir.

7. Das, Sabyasachi. "Democratic backsliding in the world’s largest democracy." Available at SSRN 4512936 (2023).

8. Khan, Robina, Muhammad Zubair Khan, and Zafar Abbas. “Moving Towards Human Catastrophe: The Abrogation of Article 370 in Kashmir Valley.” Journal of Muslim minority affairs 41.1 (2021): 78–85. Web

9. Halpé, Aparna, and R Cheran. “On Responsible Distance: An Interview with R. Cheran by Aparna Halpé.” University of Toronto quarterly 84.4 (2015): 90–108. Web. Pg. 100.

10. Lowe, Lisa. The Intimacies of Four Continents. Duke University Press, 2015.

11. Dutta, Anisha. “Modi’s India plans its own democracy index, after global rankings downgrade.” Al Jazeera, March 2024. Available at: https://shorturl.at/vJsRr

12. Cordon and Search Operation or colloquially known as Crackdown in Kashmir involves isolating a targeted location or infrastructure which is (often violently) searched for contraband, weapons, militants, and more. Under such operation the Indian army often ransacks and loots the homes of the Kashmiris.

13. Sneineh, Mustafa Abu, “Meet Blue Wolf, the app Israel uses to spy on Palestinians in the occupied West Bank”, Middle East Eye, (9 Nov, 2021), available at: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-whats-blue-wolf-app-soldiers-use-photograph-palestinians

14. Zargar, Haris. “Cached Resistance: The ‘Unheard’ Narratives of Militancy in Kashmir.” Routledge Handbook of Critical Kashmir Studies, by Mona Bhan et al., Routledge, Taylor et Francis Group, 2023, pp. 207–220. Print.

15. Junaid, Mohamad. “The Price of Blood: Counterinsurgency, Precarity, and the Moral Discourse of Loyalty in Kashmir.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, vol. 40, no. 1, 2020, pp. 166–79. Pg. 170.

16. Harvard Law Review. “From Domicile to Dominion: India’s Settler Colonial Agenda in Kashmir.” Harvard Law Review, vol. 134, no. 7, 2021, pp. 2530–51.

17. Zargar, Anees. “J&K: 3 Employees Including Kashmir University PRO Sacked for Being ‘Anti-State.’” NewsClick, 17 July 2023, available at: www.newsclick.in/jk-3-employees-including-kashmir-university-pro-sacked-being-anti-state.

18. Hochberg, Gil Z. Visual Occupations: Violence and Visibility in a Conflict Zone. Duke University Press: Durham; London, 2015. Print. Pg. 97. [Return to page 2]

19. ibid.

20. Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power: The Evolution of a Concept.” Journal of Political Power, vol. 14, no. 1, 2021. Pg. 158. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879572.

21. Essa, Azad. Hostile Homelands: The New Alliance between India and Israel. London: Pluto Press, 2023. Print.

22. Kumar, Jatin. “India-Israel Cooperation in Border Management.” Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, available at: idsa.in/system/files/news/India-Israel%20.pdf. 

23. Mahapatra, Sangeeta. "Digital Surveillance and the Threat to Civil Liberties in India." German Institute for Global and Area Studies (2021): 12.

24. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, “The Pegasus Project - OCCRP.” OCCRP, available at: www.occrp.org/en/the-pegasus-project.

25. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, “How Does Pegasus Work? - OCCRP.” OCCRP, available at: www.occrp.org/en/the-pegasus-project/how-does-pegasus-work.

26. Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, “Who’s on the List? – the Pegasus Project | OCCRP.” OCCRP, available at: cdn.occrp.org/projects/projectp/?_gl=1*rhzkps*_ga*MjA3NTYwNDk0OS4xNz
AyNTc4Njk3*_ga_NHCZV5EYYY*MTcwMjU3ODY5Ni4xLjEuMTcw
MjU3ODczNy4xOS4wLjA.#/countries/IN.

27. The Wire, “Forensic Evidence Shows Attempts Were Made to Infect Phones in Kashmir with Pegasus.” 23 Jul. 2021. Available at: thewire.in/rights/kashmir-pegasus-project-phones-spyware.

28. Kabir, Ananya Jahanara. Territory of Desire: Representing the Valley of Kashmir. University of Minnesota Press, 2009. Print.

29. Zia, Ather. Resisting Disappearance: Military Occupation and Women’s Activism in Kashmir. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019. Print.
Mitra, Subrata K. “Nehru's Policy towards Kashmir: Bringing Politics Back in Again.” The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, vol. 35, no. 2, 1997, pp. 55–74.

30. Bhat, Sabzar Ahmad. “The Kashmir Conflict and Human Rights.” Race and class 61.1 (2019): 77–86. Web.
JKCCS, “Annual Human Rights Review 2019.” Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society (JKCCS), 31 Dec. 2019, available at: jkccs.info/annual-human-rights-review-2019-2.

31. “Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958”, Ministry of Home Affairs (India), available at: https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/
armed_forces_special_powers_act1958.pdf;
Amnesty International, “‘A Lawless Law’: Detentions Under the Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act.”, 2021, available at: www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/asa200122011en.pdf.

32. Tellis, Ashley J., et al. “The Significance of The Kargil Crisis.” Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear Umbrella: Indian and Pakistani Lessons from the Kargil Crisis, 1st ed., RAND Corporation, 2001, pp. 5–28. JSTOR.

33. It is important to note here, that while the outside news channels and organizations had access to Kashmir, Kashmiris and Kashmiri journalists often during these times would not have access to the news or permission to function – as local newspapers, internet, and television would be shut-down in Kashmir.

34. The vast and intricate web of funding and financial support present for the production of documentaries in and for Kashmir complicates the idea of ‘independence’ associated with these works as financial infrastructure for documentary production is not streamlined in South-Asia. Therefore, when I reference the ‘independence’ of these films and filmmakers, I refer to the independent nature of their arguments and content which stands as a counter-narrative and counter-archive to the dominant Indian narratives about Kashmir that discredit the narratives of suffering and resistance of Kashmiris. This idea of financial independence should not be confused with an artistic/ formal independence.

35. Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff. “Law and Disorder in the Postcolony.” Social anthropology 15.2 (2007): 133–152. Web. Pg. 144.

36. Malik, Irfan Amin. “Why Journalists Are Worried About the New Media Policy in Jammu and Kashmir”. The Wire. July 2020. Available at: https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-new-media-policy-press-freedom

37. Thakur, Tanul. “In New Rules, J&K Govt Says Filmmakers Have to Submit Scripts for Shooting Approvals”. The Wire. August 2021. Available at: https://thewire.in/rights/jk-up-govts-now-say-filmmakers-have-to-submit-scripts-for-shooting-approvals

38. Mahapatra, Sangeeta. "Digital Surveillance and the threat to Civil Liberties in India." German Institute for Global and Area Studies (2021): 12.

39. Ninan, Sevanti. “How India’s news media have changed since 2014: Greater self-censorship, dogged digital resistance.” Scroll, available at: https://scroll.in/article/929461/greater-self-censorship-dogged-digital-resistance-how-indias-news-media-have-changed-since-2014

40. Livemint. “How ADANI group acquired NDTV: Explained”, available at: https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/how-adani-group-acquired-ndtv-explained-11669779605088.html

41. Al Jazeera. “Concerns over free press in India after NDTV’s Ravish Kumar quits”, available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/1/concerns-over-free-press-in-india-after-ndtvs-ravish-kumar-quits

42. Goel, Vindu and Gettleman, Jeffrey. “Under Modi, India’s Press Is Not So Free Anymore”, The New York Times, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html

43. Al Jazeera, “‘Systematic fear’: How India battered press freedom in Kashmir”, available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/26/india-kashmir-press-clud-journalism-sajad-gul-media?traffic_source=KeepReading

44. Kuchay, Bilal. “‘Vendetta’: Kashmir newspaper’s office sealed by India officials”, Al Jazeera, available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/20/vendetta-kashmir-newspapers-office-sealed-by-india-officials

45. Bhan, Mona. “Development: India’s Foundational Myth.” Saffron Republic: Hindu Nationalism and State Power in India, edited by Thomas Blom Hansen and Srirupa Roy, Cambridge University Press, 2022, pp. 275–283. [Return to page 3]

46. Zia, Ather. "Sanctioned Ignorance and the Crisis of Solidarity for Kashmir." Routledge Handbook of Critical Kashmir Studies. Routledge, 2022. 355-366.

47. Al Jazeera, “India Hosts G20 Tourism Meet in Kashmir Under Heavy Security.”  22 May 2023, available at: www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/22/india-hosts-g20-tourism-meet-in-kashmir-under-heavy-security.

48. Zia, Ather. "Sanctioned Ignorance and the Crisis of Solidarity for Kashmir." Routledge Handbook of Critical Kashmir Studies. Routledge, 2022. 355-366.

49. ibid.

50. Jana, Rani. “Silencing Kashmir Through Censorship”. Outlook India. June 2024. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/silencing-kashmir-through-censorship

51. Naik, Raqib Hameed, ‘“Silence is no longer the answer’ – the Kashmiri journalists living in exile.”, Al Jazeera Journalism Review, (29 Aug, 2022), available at: https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/1974

52. Halpé, Aparna, and R Cheran. “On Responsible Distance: An Interview with R. Cheran by Aparna Halpé.” University of Toronto quarterly 84.4 (2015): 90–108. Web.