Notes

Selected bibliography

"HRW World Report 1999: India: Human Rights Developments." Human Rights Watch: Defending Human Rights Worldwide. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/
worldreport99/asia/india.html#:~:text=HRW%20World%20Report%201999%
3A%20India%3A%20Human%20Rights%20Developments&text=Elections%20in
February%20brought%20to,on%20May%2011%20and%2013

“Dalit Gang Rape Victim Alleges Police Inaction”, Tribune India, 24 June, 2017, https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/dalit-gang-rape-victim-alleges-police-inaction-426636/
 
“Who Tells Our Stories Matters: Representation of Marginalised Caste Groups in Indian Newsrooms”. Oxfam India Report. 2019-2020.

Alone, Y.S. “Caste-life Narratives, Visual Representation and Protected Ignorance.” Biography. 40.1 (2017).

Altman, Rick. "A Semantic/Syntactic Approach to Film Genre". Film Genre Reader IV. Ed. Barry Keith Grant. New York: University of Texas Press, 2012. 27-41.

Ambedkar, Bhim Rao. Philosophy of Hinduism. N.P. Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US, 2018.

Basu, Anustup. “Encounters in the City: Cops, Criminals, and Human Rights in Hindi Film. Journal of Human Rights 9.2 (2010): 175-90. 

Boorstin, Daniel J. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America.  New York: Vintage, 1961.

Bordwell, David. Planet Hong Kong. Harvard University Press, 2000.

Chakraborty, Prateek. "Assam's 'Lady Singham' Cop Killed in Road Accident in Nagaon, Family Suspects Foul Play." India Today, 17 May, 2023, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/junmoni-rabha-controversies-road-accident-fiance-lady-singham-dabangg-assam-himanta-biswa-sarma-2380364-2023-05-17

Chauhan, Vishal. "From Sujata to Kachra: Decoding Dalit Representation in Popular Hindi Cinema." South Asian Popular Culture 17.3 (2019): 327-336.

Dasgupta, Chidananda. The Painted Face: Studies in Indian Popular Cinema. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt. Ltd, 1991.

Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Unredacted Word, 2021.

DH web Desk. “Who are karsevaks, what do they do?” Deccan Herald. 22 Jan., 2024, https://www.deccanherald.com/india/who-are-karsevaks-what-do-they-do-2858728

Dixit, Pawan. “Court sentences one to life term in Hathras case; 3 accused acquitted”. Hindustan Times, 3 Mar, 2023,https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/court-sentences-one-to-life-term-in-hathras-case-3-accused-acquitted-101677783457238.html

Frayer, Lauren, and Raksha Kumar. "India's Ruling Party Says Crime is Down. Muslims Say They've Never Felt Less Safe." NPR, 5 Ma.r, 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/03/05/1082258984/india-uttar-pradesh-elections-crime-police-muslims

Gokulsing, K. Moti, and Wimal Dissanayake. Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. London: Trentham Books, 1998.

Hansen, Thomas Blom. The Saffron wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India.  Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.

HT Correspondent.“15-year-old Dalit girl ends life after ‘rape’, police ‘inaction’ in Bundelkhand,” Hindustan Times, 14 Oct., 2020,
https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/15-year-old-dalit-girl-ends-life-after-rape-police-inaction-in-bundelkhand/story-NgfZbZz0tCa3WY0sq6HLcM.html

Jaffrelot, Christophe. India's Silent Revolution: the Rise of the Lower Castes in North India.  London: C. Hurst and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 2003.

Jafri, Abdul Alim. "UP Govt Admits 37% of 'Criminals' Killed in Encounters in 3 Years Were Muslims." NewsClick, 22 Aug., 2020, https://www.newsclick.in/UP-Govt-Admits-37%25-%27Criminals%27-Killed-in-Encounters-in-3-Years-Were-Muslims

Jain, Praveen. “My camera had ‘evidence’ of Babri Masjid demolition, but it was consigned to bin of history.” The Print, 3 Oct., 2024, https://theprint.in/opinion/my-camera-had-evidence-of-babri-masjid-demolition-but-it-was-consigned-to-bin-of-history/515822/

Jauregui, Beatrice. Provisional Authority: Police, Order, and Security in India. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2016.

Jeffries, Dru. Comic Book Film Style: Cinema at 24 Panels per Second. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2017.

Joughin, John J. “ Introduction.”  Shakespeare and National Culture. Ed. John J. Joughin. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997. 1-16.

Kalita, Karishma Saurabh.“3 in custody over rape-murder of Dalit woman in Ayodhya.” India Today, 3 Feb., 2025, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/uttar-pradesh/story/three-police-custody-rape-murder-dalit-woman-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh-2673837-2025-02-03

King, Geoff. Spectacular Narratives: Hollywood in the Age of the Blockbuster.London and New York: I.B. Tauris & Co., 2000.

Kumar, Amit. "Representation Of Dalits In Hindi Cinema After liberalization." Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 0(0)(2022).[this date does not make sense]

Malhotra, Pragya. "Assam’s ‘Dabang Cop’, Who Arrested Fiance for Fraud, in Police Net." India Today, 4 June, 2022, www.indiatoday.in/crime/story/assam-dabang-cop-arrested-fiance-fraud-corruption-charges-junmoni-rabha-1958463-2022-06-04.

Mavad, Asra.“Singham Again’ movie review: A cookie cutter mass movie.” Deccan Herald. 2 Nov., 2024, https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/singham-again-movie-review-a-cookie-cutter-mass-movie-3259251

Mishra, Vijay. "Towards a Theoretical Critique of Bombay Cinema." The Bollywood Reader. Ed. Rajinder Dudrah and Jigna Desai, 2008. 32-44.

Mishra, Vijay. "Understanding Bollywood." The Handbook of Global Communication and Media Ethics Volume 1. Ed.Robert S. Fortner and P. Mark Fackler. Pondicherry: Wiley-Blackwell Publications, 2011. 577-601.

Mishra, Vijay. Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire. New York: Routledge, 2001.

Mukherjee, Tatsam. “ In Singham Again, Rohit Shetty goes for Loud Hindu Populism for Box Office Bucks.” The Wire. 2 Nov., 2024.https://thewire.in/film/singham-again-rohit-shetty

Neale, Steve. "Action-adventure as Hollywood Genre." Action and Adventure Cinema. Ed. Yvonne Tasker, London and New York: Routledge, 2004: 71-83.

Neale, Steve. “Masculinity as Spectacle”. Screen 24.6 (1983): 2-17.

Nichenametla, Prasad. “Hyderabad Rape Case Takes on Caste Colour, Now Other Victims Also Want ‘Prompt Justice’.” The Print, 13 Dec., 2019, https://theprint.in/india/hyderabad-rape-case-takes-on-caste-colour-now-other-victims-also-want-prompt-justice/334199/

Patil, Smita M. “ Law of One’s Own? On Dalit Women’s Arduous Struggles for Social Justice.” Economic and Political Weekly 56.13 (2021)

Prasad, M. Madhava. Ideology of the Hindi film: A Historical Construction. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Press Trust of India. "183 Criminals Killed in Uttar Pradesh Police Encounters Since 2017." NDTV, 14 Apr., 2023, www.ndtv.com/india-news/183-criminals-killed-in-uttar-pradesh-police-encounters-since-2017-3948169.

Rajadhyaksha, Ashish and Paul Willemen, Eds Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. New York: Routledge, 2014.

Rankawat, Devendra. "The Bollywood Brand of Police: A Typological Schema." The Journal of Rase 14 (2018): 165-180.

Rao, Mohit. "Indian Police Use Violence As a Shortcut to Justice. It's the Poorest Who Bear the Scars." CNN, 3 Dec 2020, https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/12/02/india/police-brutality-india-dst-intl-hnk/index.html

Schatz, Thomas.“Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and The Studio System.” New York: Random House,1981.

Sharma, Parivasha and Gemma Hamilton. “ Police Responses to Rape in Metropolitan India.” International Justice for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy (2024).

Srivastava, Shivendra. "Vikas Dubey Killed in Encounter in Kanpur." India Today, 10 July 2020, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/encounter-erupts-as-vikas-dubey-tries-to-escape-upon-reaching-kanpur-report-1698900-2020-07-10

Singh, Tanya. "The Untouchable Rajputs of Padmaavat and Beyond: A Cas (t) e Study." The Routledge Companion to Caste and Cinema in India. Ed. Joshil K. Abraham and Judith Misrahi- Barak. London:Routledge India, 2022. 340-350.

Singh, Vishal. "207 Criminals Killed in Encounters Since 2017, Says UP Police Amid Allegations of Caste-Based Targeting." India TV News, 19 Sept. 2024,www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/up-police-data-reveals-207-criminals-killed-over-thousands-injured-in-encounters-akhilesh-yadav-targets-up-stf-latest-updates-2024-09-19-953038.

Sonavane, Nikita.“Deconstructing Police Discretion as Brahminism.”  Socio-Legal Review 19.1 (2023): 56-74.

Tiwari, Ayush. ‘I kept smashing the dome’: Four kar sevaks recall Babri demolition, ahead of Ram temple opening.” Scroll. 22 Jan 2024, https://scroll.in/article/1062449/i-kept-smashing-the-dome-four-kar-sevaks-recall-babri-demolition-ahead-of-ram-temple-opening

Tripathi, Purnima S. "UP Model of Selective Mafia Elimination." Madhyamam, 8 May 2023. https://madhyamamonline.com/opinion/article/up-model-of-selective-mafia-elimination-1157804

Vidushi. "Cinematic Narrative: The Construction of Dalit Identity in Bollywood." Media, Margins and Popular Culture. Ed. Einar Thorsen, Heather Savigny, Jenny Alexander et al.  London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 123-135.

Vohra, Paromita. “Automatic Bodies: Masculinities, Mobilities, Nation, and the Bollywood Body.” Jump Cut: A Review Of Contemporary Media, 2022,
https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive//jc61.2022/PVohra-AutomaticBodies/index.html

Wankhede, Harish S. "Dalit Representation in Hindi Cinema" The Routledge Companion to Caste and Cinema in India. Ed. Joshil K. Abraham and Judith Misrahi- Barak. London:Routledge India, 2022.17-31.

Wankhede, Harish S. "Examining the Presence of Dalit Identity in Hindi Cinema." Current Res. J. Soc. Sci. & Human. 5 (2022): 76.

Wankhede, Harish. "Dalit representation in Bollywood." Mainstream weekly 51.20 (2013).

Selected Filmography

Ab Tak Chappan. Directed by Shimit Amin,performances by Nana Patekar, Mohan Agashe and Revathy, Ram Gopal Varma, 2004.

Dabangg. Directed by Abhinav Singh Kashyap, performances by Salman Khan, Sonakshi Sinha and Sonu Sood, Arbaaz Khan Productions and Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision, 2010.

Deewar. Directed by Yash Chopra, performances by Amitabh Bachchan, Sashi Kapoor and Parveen Babi, Gulshan Rai, 1975.

Gangaajal. Directed by Prakash Jha, performances by Ajay Devgan, Gracy Singh, Yashpal Sharma and Mohan Joshi, Praveen Nischol, 2003.

Kurukshetra. Directed by Mahesh Manjrekar, performances by Sanjay Dutt, Mahima Chowdhury and Om Puri, Pravin Shah, 2002.

Policegiri. Directed by K.S.Ravikumar, performances by Sanjay Dutt, Prachi Desai and Prakash Raj, T.P. Aggarwal and Ravi Aggarwal, 2013.

Singham. Directed by Rohit Shetty, performances by Ajay Devgn, Kajal Aggarwal and Prakash Raj, Reliance Entertainments, 2011.

Singham Again, Directed by Rohit Shetty, performances by Ajay Devgn, Kareena Kapoor, Ranveer Singh, Akshay Kumar and Deepika Padukone, Rohit Shetty Picturez, Jio Studios, Ajay Devgn Films  and Reliance Entertainment, 2024.

Shool. Directed by E. Niwas, performances by Manoj Bajpayee, Sayaji Shinde and Raveena Tandon, Ram Gopal Varma, 1999.

Sholay. Directed by Ramesh Sippy, performances by Sanjeev Kumar, Amjad Khan, Amitabh Bachchan and Dharmendra, G.P. Sippy, 1975.

Zanjeer. Directed by Prakash Mehra, performances by Amitabh Bachchan, Pran and Jaya Bhaduri, Prakash Mehra Productions, 1973.